Located within the enchanting Old City of Acre, the Citadel of Acre stands as a testament to the layered history of Israel. Once a palace and a governmental hub during the Ottoman era, and later transformed into a fortified prison during the British Mandate, the Citadel’s walls echo stories of struggle, bravery, and change.
From Palace to Prison: A Multifaceted History
Originally conceived as a palace for the ruling family and an administrative center during Ottoman rule, the Citadel of Acre underwent several transformations that shaped its destiny. Built over the remains of the Crusader citadel from 1104, the fortress was part of the city’s defensive formation, reinforcing the northern wall, and eventually became a residence and center for prominent Ottoman leaders such as Ahmed al-Jazar, Suleiman Faha, and Ibrahim Pasha.
During the latter part of the Ottoman era, a portion of the palace was converted into a prison. Notable figures like Zvi Nisanov, Chaim Sturman, and even the Bahai Prophet Bahá’u’lláh and his family were confined within its walls. As the British took over, the fortress took on a new role as a British mandatory prison. It housed a diverse array of inmates, ranging from Haganah, Etzel, and Lahi members to criminals, Jews, Arabs, and pre-trial detainees.
A Glimpse into the Struggle for Freedom
The Citadel of Acre’s history is punctuated by moments of resistance and sacrifice. During the Nebi Musa riots in April 1920, Zeev Jabotinsky and his companions were incarcerated here for their attempts to safeguard the people of Jerusalem. The arrival of Herbert Samuel heralded their release, marking the beginning of British military rule in Israel.
Tragically, the prison also witnessed executions. The gallows room claimed the lives of 77 prisoners, including underground fighters such as Shlomo Ben-Yosef, Mordechai Schwartz, and Dov Gruner. The spirit of resistance thrived within the prison’s walls, with stories of courage like Michael Ashbel composing anthems while on death row and Asher Tartner refusing to cooperate with the British investigators, despite succumbing to medical negligence.
On May 4, 1947, the Citadel of Acre witnessed a daring escape. Etzel forces, assisted by Lahi prisoners, orchestrated a breach in the southern wall, leading to the successful escape of 41 prisoners. Though some were caught, others found refuge, and their determination paved the way for the prison’s liberation by the Carmeli Brigade on May 16, 1948.
Preserving the Legacy of the Citadel of Acre
Following the establishment of the state of Israel, the Citadel of Acre’s role shifted once more. It became a psychiatric hospital before transforming into the Acre Underground Prisoner Museum in 1981. This transformation wasn’t without its challenges, with 15 years of dedicated research culminating in a meticulous restoration effort led by experts from the Technion.
Today, the Citadel of Acre stands as the Acre Underground Prisoner Museum, offering a glimpse into the tumultuous years of 1946-1947. Visitors can explore the daily lives of the prisoners, their living conditions, and the pivotal events that shaped the course of history. As you step within the museum’s walls, you’ll be transported back to an era of resilience, determination, and unwavering hope.
